Skip to main content
Download PDF

Balanced steady-state free precession MRCP is a robust alternative to respiration-navigated 3D turbo-spin-echo MRCP

BMC Medical Imaging volume 21, Article number: 10 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Despite synchronization to respiration, respiration-navigated (RN) 3D turbo-spin-echo MRCP is limited by susceptibility to motion artifacts. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of pancreaticobiliary duct visualization of a non-RN MRCP alternative based on balanced steady-state free precession imaging (BSSFP) with overlapping slices compared with RN-MRCP.

Methods

This is a retrospective study on 50 patients without pancreaticobiliary duct disease receiving MRCP at 1.5 T. We performed an intraindividual comparison of coronal RN-MRCP with combined coronal and transverse BSSFP-MRCP. Image quality was scored by 3 readers for 6 pancreaticobiliary duct segments (3 pancreatic, 3 biliary) using a 6-point scale. A segment score of 3 or lower as assessed by at least 2 of 3 readers was defined as insufficient segment visualization. Nonparametric tests and interrater reliability testing were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Overall duct visualization averaged over all readers was scored with 4.5 ± 1.1 for RN-MRCP (pancreatic, 4.1 ± 0.5; biliary, 5.0 ± 0.4) and 4.9 ± 0.9 for combined coronal and transverse BSSFP-MRCP (pancreatic, 4.6 ± 0.6; biliary, 5.1 ± 0.6), respectively (p < 0.001). The number of segments visualized insufficiently was 81/300 for RN-MRCP and 43/300 for BSSFP-MRCP (p < 0.001). Segments visualized insufficiently only in RN-MRCP had a mean score of 4.4 ± 0.8 in BSSFP-MRCP. Overall interrater agreement on superiority of BSSFP-MRCP segment scores over corresponding RN-MRCP was 0.70. Mean acquisition time was 98% longer for RN-MRCP (198.0 ± 98.7 s) than for combined coronal and transverse BSSFP-MRCP (100.2 ± 0.4 s).

Conclusions

Non-RN BSSFP-MRCP with overlapping slices is a fast alternative to RN-MRCP, frequently providing sufficient duct visualization when RN-MRCP fails.

Peer Review reports

Background

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging technique to assess the biliary and pancreatic duct system. Early MRCP studies already employed balanced steady state free precession (BSSFP) sequences [1, 2]. In contemporary clinical practice, however, MRCP is commonly performed using 3D respiration-navigated T2 turbo spin echo sequences (RN-MRCP). The diagnostic performance of this latter imaging technique is considered equal to that of the gold standard in many cases, i.e. ERCP [3]. Synchronization of image acquisition to respiration yields better image quality and higher diagnostic value compared to breathhold acquisition in 3D T2 turbo spin echo sequences [4, 5]. Using RN-MRCP, a high spatial resolution with nearly isotropic voxel sizes can be achieved [6,7,8,9]. Despite synchronization to respiration, the relatively long acquisition time renders RN-MRCP susceptible to motion artifacts [10]. Insufficient image quality due to diaphragmatic shift is common in patients who are unable to breathe steadily [11].

2D BSSFP imaging is characterized by a short TR and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Due to its short acquisition time, BSSFP-MRCP can be performed in shallow breathing. Moreover, it is feasible to acquire overlapping slices with little saturation effects [12, 13]. In combination with a bright rendering of fluids these features make it a potential alternative for MRCP.

The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the quality of pancreaticobiliary duct visualization of BSSFP-MRCP compared with RN-MRCP. For this we conducted a multi-reader assessment of pancreaticobiliary duct visibility in patients without evidence of pancreaticobiliary duct disease.

Methods

Study design

This is a retrospective single-center exploratory study that was approved by the institutional review board with a waiver of informed consent.

Inclusion criteria were patient age ≥ 18 years and availability of MRCP including both RN-MRCP and BSSFP-MRCP during the study period lasting from September 2017 to May 2018. Exclusion criterion was evidence of a pancreaticobiliary abnormality that per se precluded full assessment of the pancreaticobiliary duct system, such as history of pancreaticobiliary surgery, pancreaticobiliary duct stones, presence of solid pancreatic or biliary benign or malignant masses and cystic lesions of the pancreas ≥ 10 mm. MRI with MRCP was performed based on clinical indications at the discretion of the referring physician.

Study population

The study population consisted of 50 consecutive patients (28 female, 22 male; mean age 52.02 ± 14.78, range 22–78 years). In these, the most common indications for MRCP were exclusion of abdominal masses (n = 15), exclusion of PSC (n = 12), unclear hepatopathy (n = 11), suspected inflammatory disease of the pancreas (n = 6), suspected Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasia (n = 4), and others (n = 2). Following our standard operating procedures, all patients were asked to come to their examination appointment on an empty stomach. No other preparation was required.

Imaging

MRCP examinations were performed using a 1.5 T scanner (Magnetom AvantoFit, Siemens Healthineers). Patients fasted for a minimum of 6 h prior to the examination. In accordance with the standard clinical protocol, neither spasmolytic drugs nor negative oral contrast agents were administered.

The MRCP protocol included a state-of-the-art coronal RN-MRCP sequence with a slice thickness of 1.5 mm. Respiration navigation was achieved using prospective acquisition correction. The standard RN-MRCP was followed by two BSSFP-MRCP sequences, one in transverse orientation with a slice thickness of 6 mm and 3.6 mm overlap and one in coronal orientation with a slice thickness of 4 mm and 2.4 mm overlap. For BSSFP-MRCP, patients were instructed to hold their breath for a comfortable period of time followed by shallow breathing. The acquisition times of the sequences were recorded. For an overview of the sequence data see Table 1.

Table 1 MRCP sequence protocol data
Full size table

Image assessment

Duct visualization was scored by 3 independent readers for 3 pancreatic and 3 biliary duct segments. Readers 1, 2 and 3 had 8 years, 5 years and 2 years of experience in abdominal radiology, respectively. Head, body, and tail were defined as the 3 pancreatic segments. The 3 biliary segments were the common bile duct (CBD) as well as the left hepatic duct and the right hepatic duct up to their first branching.

Visibility of these 6 segments was judged on a 6-point scale (duct visibility score): 1, not depicted; 2, uninterpretable; 3, identifiable < 50%; 4, identifiable > 50% but < 100%; 5, entirely depicted with blurring; 6, entirely depicted with excellent details. A 5-point scale was used for rating the quality of the MRCP images concerning the presence of motion artifacts (artifact score): 1, non-diagnostic image due to severe artifacts; 2, major artifacts causing significant problems in diagnosis; 3, moderate artifacts with some uncertainty in diagnosis; 4, minor artifacts without problems in diagnosis; 5, excellent image quality without any detectable artifacts. For the combination of transversal and coronal BSSFP-MRCP, the better score of the two sequences was used.

All readers underwent a training session of 10 patients not included in the study prior to the first reading session. The reads were performed in 2 sessions, one for coronal RN-MRCP images and one for both transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP sequences, with a 2-week interval to minimize recall bias. Readers were blinded to clinical information. During the reading sessions, the examinations were presented to the readers in a randomized manner. Readers were allowed to consult a routine T2-weighted sequence without fat saturation in transverse orientation for anatomical orientation when assessing RN-MRCP. No maximum intensity projections were used.

A duct visibility score of 3 or lower as assessed by at least 2 of 3 readers was defined to indicate insufficient segment visualization.

Statistics

The Wilcoxon signed-rank nonparametric test was used for statistical analysis of differences between groups, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Bonferroni correction of p values was employed to adjust for multiple comparisons. For the assessment of interrater reliability, the Fleiss Kappa test was performed. The individual segment scores of BSSFP-MRCP were reviewed for superiority over RN-MRCP. The binary values superiority and non-superiority of BSSFP-MRCP were then tested for reliability between the readers. κ values were interpreted in keeping with Landis and Koch [14] (0.21–0.40, fair agreement; 0.41–0.60, moderate agreement; 0.61–0.80, good agreement; 0.81–1.00, excellent agreement). Spearman correlation was determined for the non-metric data. The software used for statistical analysis was SPSS (version 25, IBM).

Results

Overall duct visualization

The overall duct visibility score averaged over all readers was 4.5 ± 1.1 (mean ± standard deviation) for RN-MRCP (pancreatic, 4.1 ± 0.5; biliary, 5.0 ± 0.4). For transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP, the overall duct visibility score was 4.6 ± 0.8 (pancreatic, 4.4 ± 0.7; biliary 4.8 ± 0.9) and 4.6 ± 0.8 (pancreatic, 4.3 ± 0.8; biliary 4.9 ± 0.8), respectively. The combination of transverse and coronal BSSFP sequences yielded a duct visibility score of 4.9 ± 0.9 (pancreatic, 4.6 ± 0.6; biliary, 5.1 ± 0.6). Combined transverse and coronal BSFFP-MRCP had a significantly higher score than RN-MRCP and single plane BSSFP-MRCP (p < 0.01). Single plane BSSFP-MRCP duct visibility scores were not significantly higher than RN-MRCP scores. The difference in pancreatic segment scores between RN-MRCP and combined transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP was statistically significant (p < 0.01), not so the difference between biliary segment scores. Individual overall duct visibility scores by reader were 4.3 ± 1.1, 4.2 ± 1.1, and 5.0 ± 1.0 for RN-MRCP and 4.8 ± 0.8, 4.3 ± 0.8, and 5.5 ± 0.7 for BSSFP-MRCP for Reader 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In 19% of all segment evaluations, the consultation of a second plane increased the overall score of BSSFP-MRCP. For an overview of pancreatic, biliary and overall reading scores see Table 2. Of the 6 defined segments, the highest scoring segment in both techniques was the CBD with 5.4 ± 1.0 in RN-MRCP and 5.6 ± 0.6 in BSSFP-MRCP. The lowest scoring segment in both techniques was the caudal pancreatic duct with 3.2 ± 1.5 in RN-MRCP and 4.1 ± 1.0 in BSSFP-MRCP. For segmental scores see Table 3.

Table 2 Overall, pancreatic, and biliary duct visualization scores
Full size table
Table 3 Segmental duct visualization scores
Full size table

Motion artifacts were significantly less prevalent in BSSFP-MRCP with an artifact score of 4.0 ± 0.4 for both transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP versus 3.5 ± 0.9 for RN-MRCP (p < 0.001). For RN-MRCP, there was a strong positive correlation between low visualization scores and motion artifacts as the two scores yielded a Spearman coefficient of 0.67 (p < 0.001). Neither for transverse nor for coronal BSSFP-MRCP a statistically significant correlation between low visualization scores and motion artifacts was observed. There was no significant correlation between patient age or sex and prevalence of artifacts. Furthermore, there was a moderate, statistically significant correlation between artifact scores of RN-MRCP and BSSFP-MRCP with a Spearman coefficient of 0.36 (p = 0.01). For exemplary images of RN-MRCP with and without motion artifacts and BSSFP-MRCP see Fig. 1. A consensus read showed that causes other than motion artifacts influenced the visualization of the pancreaticobiliary duct system only in 4 of 50 cases. In two cases, this was due to an unfavorably positioned clip after cholecystectomy and in two cases due to excessive filling of the stomach/duodenum. In the former cases, a clearer delimitation of the metal artifacts by the clip material in the BSSFP-MRCP was observed, whereas in the RN-MRCP the metal artifacts could not be distinguished from the environment (Fig. 2). In one case, fluid overlays made it difficult to delimit sections of the CBD in RN-MRCP, while the visualization in BSSFP-MRCP was not affected (Fig. 2). There were no other relevant sources of artifacts like excessive gas or ascites in the study population.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Examples of duct visualization. a Coronal RN-MRCP in patient 1; b coronal BSSFP-MRCP in patient 1; c coronal RN-MRCP in patient 2; coronal BSSFP-MRCP in patient 2; arrows point at the CBD, asterisks mark the pancreatic duct, if identifiable. Patient 1 achieved excellent visualization scores in both imaging techniques with little to no artifacts. In patient 2 duct visualization failed in RN-MRCP due to severe artifacts, however the duct system could be visualized with BSSFP-MRCP

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

Metal and fluid artifacts. a Coronal RN-MRCP in patient 3; b coronal BSSFP-MRCP in patient 3; c coronal RN-MRCP in patient 4; d coronal BSSFP-MRCP in patient 4; asterisks mark the location of a metal clip, arrows point at the CBD. The metal clip can only be delimited clearly in BSSFP-MRCP. Fluid signal from the pyloric antrum merges with the CBD signal only in RN-MRCP in patient 4 in absence of relevant motion artifacts. In BSSFP-MRCP image quality in patient 4 is not compromised by gastric fluid

Full size image

Insufficiently visualized segments

According to the definition given above, the number of segments visualized insufficiently in only one of the imaging techniques was 49/300 for RN-MRCP and 11/300 for BSSFP-MRCP (p < 0.001). In addition, 32 segments were visualized insufficiently in both sequence techniques. Segments visualized insufficiently in RN-MRCP had a mean score of 4.4 ± 0.8 in BSSFP-MRCP (see Fig. 3). The segment most frequently visualized insufficiently was the pancreatic tail for both RN-MRCP (29/50) and BSSFP-MRCP (16/50). An average patient score (all segment scores in one patient averaged) of 3 or lower was seen by at least 2 readers in 7/50 patients in RN-MRCP and only in 1/50 patients in BSSFP-MRCP.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Visualization score comparison. Score of 49 insufficiently visualized segments in RN-MRCP (score < 3) and the corresponding score of the same segments in combined transverse and coronal BSSFP

Full size image

There were 11 segments scored as not depicted (duct visualization score = 1) in RN-MRCP and none in BSSFP-MRCP. The pancreatic tail and the right hepatic duct were the only segments in which absence of depiction occurred. 10 out of these 11 segments were sufficiently visualized in BSSFP-MRCP. 64% of patients had at least one insufficiently visualized duct segment in RN-MRCP compared to 44% for BSSFP-MRCP.

Interreader agreement

Fleiss Kappa for superiority of BSSFP-MRCP segment scores over corresponding RN-MRCP was 0.70 (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in agreement between the first 25 and second 25 patients (p > 0.05). Thus, no increase in agreement could be observed over the course of the study.

Acquisition time

Mean acquisition time was 98% longer for RN-MRCP with 198.0 ± 98.7 s than for combined coronal and transverse BSSFP-MRCP with 100.2 ± 0.4 s (p < 0.001).

Discussion

The present study is the first multi-reader quantitative comparison of pancreaticobiliary duct visualization in RN- and BSSFP-MRCP. In our study, RN-MRCP was significantly outperformed by the almost twice as fast combination of transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP concerning mere pancreaticobiliary duct visualization. The combination of transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP was superior to single-plane BSSFP-MRCP. The key difference between RN-MRCP and BSSFP-MRCP was the visualization of the pancreatic duct whereas there was no statistically significant difference in visualization of the biliary duct system. Issues in RN-MRCP were a relatively high rate of segment non-depiction and susceptibility to motion artifacts. The quantitative results regarding susceptibility to motion artifacts are in keeping with the impression of Glockner et al. [13]. However, the overall result of the present study differs from previous ones in that the latest BSSFP-MRCP sequences can perform better than conventional RN-MRCP in terms of duct visualization, therefore coming closer to being an alternative.

There were no non-depictions of ducts in BSSFP-MRCP making this method more robust than RN-MRCP. Insufficient duct visualization can be a reason to repeat an MRCP examination, thus consuming valuable resources. Sufficient pancreaticobiliary duct visualization is the basis for differentiating between normal anatomy, norm variants and pathological findings. Especially in patients with non-depiction of ducts in RN-MRCP, BSSFP-MRCP can be used to generate sufficient images with little prolongation of the acquisition time. However, it must be acknowledged that in duct segments of patients with severe motion artifacts both sequences could not produce sufficient duct visualization, especially in the fine duct of the pancreatic tail. Sources of artifacts other than motion had no relevant impact on the study population. Artifacts from intraintestinal fluid and gas were reduced by examining patients on an empty stomach. Low prevalence of other sources of artifacts may also have been due to a relatively healthy study population by exclusion of a wide range of pathologies. Glockner et al. evaluated metal and gas artifacts as more interfering in BSSFP-MRCP than in RN-MRCP [12]. This statement cannot be assessed due to the small number of these artifacts in the present study population. Nevertheless, it should be noted that a metal artifact is unlikely to be mistaken as a filling defect in a duct in BSSFP-MRCP due to the clear demarcability of the metal.

In this study, we compared coronal RN-MRCP to transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP. Both transverse and coronal BSSFP sequences had to be consulted for a significantly better imaging score. While the two BSSFP sequences still had a significantly shorter acquisition time than RN-MRCP it could be argued that the reading time for two sequences is longer than for one, especially since there is more anatomical information in BSSFP sequences. For example, it can be challenging to follow bile ducts in BSSFP sequences along the hyperintense portal veins. At the same time, BSSFP is valuable in a preoperative setting because it offers information on biliary ducts and the vascular system in one sequence. A further benefit of the visualization of blood vessels in BSSFP sequences could be secondary vascular diagnose [15].

Several approaches have been developed to reduce banding artifacts, which ultimately made the application of BSSFP in MRCP expedient [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. It has been established that BSSFP imaging is more resistant to flow artifacts while being more susceptible to chemical shifts, i.e. air or metal artifacts, in comparison to turbo spin echo imaging [12]. Overall, fewer artifacts occurred in BSSFP-MRCP than in RN-MRCP in the present study, as quantified by the artifact score.

The present study was focused on the visualization of the main duct segments of the pancreaticobiliary system. No deductions about the diagnostic value of the MRCP techniques with regard to structural diseases of the ducts or masses can be made since only patients without pathology of the pancreaticobiliary duct system were included. Although in exploratory studies numerous diagnoses could be made equally reliably using BSSFP-MRCP [13], the higher spatial resolution of RN-MRCP could play a pivotal role in identifying some pathologies, e. g. minor irregularities in PSC. Therefore, BSSFP-MRCP may not show the same superiority in diagnosing structural pancreaticobiliary duct disease as in duct visualization. Nevertheless, BSSFP-MRCP has been proposed as an alternative to conventional RN-MRCP in PSC diagnosis in patients with motion artifacts [12]. Until extensive studies have been conducted on the performance of BSSFP in different pathologies the authors will not generally recommend BSSFP-MRCP as an alternative to RN-MRCP. Both sequence techniques performed well in the pancreatic head and CBD, where pathologies like stones and anatomic variations like pancreas divisum can often be found.

Breathhold Compressed Sensing MRCP (CS-MRCP) and breathhold GRASE-MRCP have been proposed as even faster alternatives to RN-MRCP with good visualization [23, 24]. Acquisition times for these sequences can be well below 30 s in breath hold technique [23, 25, 26] and thus more than three times faster than the average BSSFP-MRCP sequence in the present study. Still, a long breath hold may not be achievable for many of the patients with poor results in RN-MRCP. Non-breathhold CS-MRCP is more time consuming than BSSFP-MRCP and with 132–228 s within the range of conventional RN-MRCP [23, 26,27,28]. Another issue is the conceptualization of both CS-MRCP and GRASE-MRCP for 3 T MRI. In the case of the former, this is now being contested with varying results for image quality of CS-MRCP at 1.5 T [29, 30]. Availability of CS-MRCP is further limited by its high processing power requirements. The issue of smaller duct visualization has been raised for CS-MRCP [31, 32] and GRASE-MRCP [25]. Different MRCP techniques are known to have different benefits in diagnosing pancreaticobiliary duct disease [33]. Therefore, more than one technique may be employed for optimal diagnostics.

Only the original slices of the two MRCP techniques were used for the reads. Therefore we did not employ negative oral contrast agents often used in thick slab MRCP to eliminate signal from overlapping fluid-containing bowel [34] or to improve the informative value of maximum intensity projections (MIP) reconstructed from 3D-MRCP. In functional diagnostics, MRCP can be supplemented with intravenous administration of secretin to stimulate pancreatic excretion [35]. However, there is no general recommendation for the use of secretin. At our institution secretin is only administered when functional information on pancreatic juice secretion is needed, i. e. pancreatic insufficiency and papilla stenosis and thus was not included in the protocol of the present study.

Limitations of this study are the small sample size and its single center approach. Only coronal slices of the RN-MRCP were used for the reads. Intrarater agreement was not determined. As discussed above, the diagnostic performance of both MRCP techniques was not evaluated. Since the underlying data of all reconstructions would be the same, no relevant impact on visualization scores was to be expected of consulting multiple reconstructions. Reader 3 scored segment visualization generally higher than Reader 1 and 2. The more experienced Readers 1 and 2 appeared to be more critical of image quality, being more restrictive with the distribution of the highest rating on the scale. This systematic deviation could most likely have been reduced by more extensive training sessions. To compensate for this, Fleiss Kappa testing was performed for superiority of BSSFP-MRCP over RN-MRCP and not for the absolute scores. No higher agreement was observed as scoring experience increased.

Conclusions

In conclusion, combined transverse and coronal BSSFP-MRCP provided sufficient pancreaticobiliary duct visualization more reliably and in a shorter acquisition time than RN-MRCP. BSSFP-MRCP also yielded satisfactory images in many cases of patients with poor scores in RN-MRCP. Non-depiction of pancreaticobiliary duct segments is rare in BSSFP-MRCP. BSSFP-MRCP is considered a helpful accessory to RN-MRCP concerning the assessment of the pancreaticobiliary duct system.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

BSSFP:

Balanced steady state free precession

CBD:

Common bile duct

CS:

Compressed sensing

GRASE:

Gradient and spin echo

MRCP:

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

PSC:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

RN:

Respiration-navigated

T:

Tesla

TR:

Repetition time

References

  1. Wallner BK, Schumacher KA, Weidenmaier W, Friedrich JM. Dilated biliary tract: evaluation with MR cholangiography with a T2-weighted contrast-enhanced fast sequence. Radiology. 1991;181(3):805–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Morimoto K, Shimoi M, Shirakawa T, Aoki Y, Choi S, Miyata Y, Hara K. Biliary obstruction: evaluation with three-dimensional MR cholangiography. Radiology. 1992;183(2):578–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hekimoglu K, Ustundag Y, Dusak A, Erdem Z, Karademir B, Aydemir S, Gundogdu S. MRCP vs. ERCP in the evaluation of biliary pathologies: review of current literature. J Dig Dis. 2008;9(3):162–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kim JH, Hong SS, Eun HW, Han JK, Choi BI. Clinical usefulness of free-breathing navigator-triggered 3D MRCP in non-cooperative patients: comparison with conventional breath-hold 2D MRCP. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(4):e513–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Morita S, Ueno E, Suzuki K, Machida H, Fujimura M, Kojima S, Hirata M, Ohnishi T, Imura C. Navigator-triggered prospective acquisition correction (PACE) technique vs conventional respiratory-triggered technique for free-breathing 3D MRCP: an initial prospective comparative study using healthy volunteers. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;28(3):673–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Asbach P, Klessen C, Kroencke TJ, Kluner C, Stemmer A, Hamm B, Taupitz M. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography using a free-breathing T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence with navigator-triggered prospective acquisition correction. Magn Reson Imaging. 2005;23(9):939–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Choi JY, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Lee MW, Han JK, Choi BI. Navigator-triggered isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of malignant biliary obstructions: comparison with direct cholangiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27(1):94–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yoon LS, Catalano OA, Fritz S, Ferrone CR, Hahn PF, Sahani DV. Another dimension in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: comparison of 2- and 3-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the evaluation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33(3):363–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kinner S, Steinweg V, Maderwald S, Radtke A, Sotiropoulos G, Forsting M, Schroeder T. Comparison of different magnetic resonance cholangiography techniques in living liver donors including Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced T1-weighted sequences. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e113882.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Taylor AC, Little AF, Hennessy OF, Banting SW, Smith PJ, Desmond PV. Prospective assessment of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for noninvasive imaging of the biliary tree. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(1):17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bogveradze N, Hasse F, Mayer P, Rupp C, Tjaden C, Klauss M, Kauczor HU, Weber TF. Is MRCP necessary to diagnose pancreas divisum? BMC Med Imaging. 2019;19(1):33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Glockner JF, Lee CU. Balanced steady state-free precession (b-SSFP) imaging for MRCP: techniques and applications. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(6):1309–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Glockner JF, Saranathan M, Bayram E, Lee CU. Breath-held MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) using a 3D Dixon fat-water separated balanced steady state free precession sequence. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;31(8):1263–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lu A, Brodsky E, Grist TM, Block WF. Rapid fat-suppressed isotropic steady-state free precession imaging using true 3D multiple-half-echo projection reconstruction. Magn Reson Med. 2005;53(3):692–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Leupold J, Hennig J, Scheffler K. Alternating repetition time balanced steady state free precession. Magn Reson Med. 2006;55(3):557–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lu A, Barger AV, Grist TM, Block WFJ. Improved spectral selectivity and reduced susceptibility in SSFP using a near zero TE undersampled three-dimensional PR sequence. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;19(1):117–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cukur T, Lee JH, Bangerter NK, Hargreaves BA, Nishimura DG. Non-contrast-enhanced flow-independent peripheral MR angiography with balanced SSFP. Magn Reson Med. 2009;61(6):1533–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Slawig A, Wech T, Ratz V, Tran-Gia J, Neubauer H, Bley T, Köstler H. Multifrequency reconstruction for frequency-modulated bSSFP. Magn Reson Med. 2017;78(6):2226–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nayak KS, Lee HL, Hargreaves BA, Hu BS. Wideband SSFP: alternating repetition time balanced steady state free precession with increased band spacing. Magn Reson Med. 2007;58(5):931–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Vasanawala SS, Pauly JM, Nishimura DG. Fluctuating equilibrium MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1999;42(5):876–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ozdemir S, Ider YZ. bSSFP phase correction and its use in magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography. Magn Reson Med. 2019;81(2):934–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lohöfer FK, Kaissis GA, Rasper M, Katemann C, Hock A, Peeters JM, Schlag C, Rummeny EJ, Karampinos D, Braren RF. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography at 3 Tesla: image quality comparison between 3D compressed sensing and 2D single-shot acquisitions. Eur J Radiol. 2019;115:53–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nam JG, Lee JM, Kang HJ, Lee SM, Kim E, Peeters JM, Yoon JH. GRASE Revisited: breath-hold three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography using a Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE) technique at 3T. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(9):3721–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Yoshida M, Nakaura T, Inoue T, Tanoue S, Takada S, Utsunomiya D, Tsumagari S, Harada K, Yamashita Y. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with GRASE sequence at 3.0T: Does it improve image quality and acquisition time as compared with 3D TSE? Eur Radiol. 2018;28(6):2436–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Furlan A, Bayram E, Thangasamy S, Barley D, Dasyam A. Application of compressed sensing to 3D magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions. Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;52:131–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Seo N, Park MS, Han K, Kim D, King KF, Choi JY, Kim H, Kim HJ, Lee M, Bae H, Kim MJ. Feasibility of 3D navigator-triggered magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with combined parallel imaging and compressed sensing reconstruction at 3T. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;46(5):1289–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yoon JH, Lee SM, Kang HJ, Weiland E, Raithel E, Son Y, Kiefer B, Lee JM. Clinical feasibility of 3-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography using compressed sensing: comparison of image quality and diagnostic performance. Invest Radiol. 2017;52(10):612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Taron J, Weiss J, Notohamiprodjo M, Kuestner T, Bamberg F, Weiland E, Kuehn B, Martirosian P. Acceleration of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography using compressed sensing at 1.5 and 3 T: a clinical feasibility study. Invest Radiol. 2018;53(11):681–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morimoto D, Hyodo T, Kamata K, Kadoba T, Itoh M, Fukushima H, Chiba Y, Takenaka M, Mochizuki T, Ueda Y, Miyagoshi K, Kudo M, Ishii K. Navigator-triggered and breath-hold 3D MRCP using compressed sensing: image quality and method selection factor assessment. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02403-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kwon H, Reid S, Kim D, Lee S, Cho J, Oh J. Diagnosing common bile duct obstruction: comparison of image quality and diagnostic performance of three-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with and without compressed sensing. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018;43(9):2255–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhu L, Wu X, Sun Z, Jin Z, Weiland E, Raithel E, Qian T, Xue H. Compressed-sensing accelerated 3-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: application in suspected pancreatic diseases. Invest Radiol. 2018;53(3):150–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kinner S, Dechêne A, Ladd SC, Zöpf T, de Dechêne EM, Gerken G, Lauenstein TC. Comparison of different MRCP techniques for the depiction of biliary complications after liver transplantation. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(7):1749–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Matos C, Cappeliez O, Winant C, Coppens E, Devière J, Metens T. MR imaging of the pancreas: a pictorial tour. Radiographics. 2002;22(1):e2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Manfredi R, Costamagna G, Brizi MG, Spina S, Maresca G, Vecchioli A, Mutignani M, Marano P. Pancreas divisum and “santorinicele”: diagnosis with dynamic MR cholangiopancreatography with secretin stimulation. Radiology. 2000;217(2):403–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Felix Christian Hasse, Buket Selmi, Hamed Albusaidi, Theresa Mokry, Philipp Mayer, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor & Tim Frederik Weber

  2. Department of Gastroenterology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Christian Rupp

Authors
  1. Felix Christian Hasse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Buket Selmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hamed Albusaidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Theresa Mokry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Philipp Mayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Christian Rupp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tim Frederik Weber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

FH acted as one of the readers, performed the data analysis and prepared the manuscript; BS acted as one of the readers, HA acted as one of the readers; TM performed the statistical analysis, PM provided technical support and background knowledge on MRI sequences; CR provided and presented patient data, HK supervised the study and helped shape the manuscript; TW designed the study and provided critical feedback. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Felix Christian Hasse.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Approval was obtained by the Clinical Ethics Committee of the Heidelberg University Hospital.

Consent for publication.

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hasse, F.C., Selmi, B., Albusaidi, H. et al. Balanced steady-state free precession MRCP is a robust alternative to respiration-navigated 3D turbo-spin-echo MRCP. BMC Med Imaging 21, 10 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00532-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00532-w

Keywords

  • Cholangiopancreatography
  • Magnetic resonance
  • Biliary tract
  • Pancreas

BMC Medical Imaging

ISSN: 1471-2342

Contact us