Table 1 3D printing parameters used in this study

Printer model/manufacturer

Flsun3D QQ-s, (Zhengzhou, Henan, China)

Printing process

Fused Deposition Modelling, FDM

Filament type

Polylactic Acid Plus, PLA+

Nozzle size

0.4 mm

Printer resolution

0.2 mm

Layer height

0.2 mm

Wall thickness

0.8 mm

Infill density

5%

Print speed

60 mm/s

Printing temperature

215 degrees

Built plate temperature

60 degrees

Price range (materials only per case)

0.3–2.1 GBP

Time to print (per case)

1–6 h