Table 1 Summary of participant’s characteristics in the meta-analyses

No. of studies

23^a

20

No. of participants

15,130

27,426

Age group, %

< 18 years

2.5

1.4

\(\ge\)18 years

97.5

98.6

Male,%

89.8

83.1

BMI range^b, kg/m²

22.0–35.0

17.7–33.3

Ethnicity, %

White

96.1

95.1

Non-White

3.9

4.9

Study setting, %

Community

89.1

98.1

Hospital

8.5

1.5

Unspecified

2.4

0