Table 3 Features of experimental investigations on the efficiency of CBCT for detecting VRFs when there is root-filling material present but no intracanal post

Al Hadi et al. (2020)/[24]

United Arab Emirates

In-vitro

Mandibular Premolars

60/15

93.3

100

96.6

Kambungton et al. (2012)/[17]

Thailand

Single-rooted Anterior or Premolar Teeth

60/30

-

-

81.1

Ashmawy et al. (2018)/[25]

Russia

Posterior Teeth

64/36

94.4

100

96.9

Hekmatian et al. (2018)/[26]

Iran

Mandibular Premolars

50/25

Observer (1): 32

Observer (2): 40

Observer (1): 68

Observer (2): 68

-

Abdinian et al. (2016)/[27]

Iran

Premolars and Molars

120/20

80

60

75

Ardakani et al. (2015)/[28]

Iran

Mandibular and Maxillary Teeth

80/40

97.5

95

96.25

Valizadeh et al. (2015)/[29]

Iran

Single-rooted Premolars

60/30

Absolute: 50

Complete: 63.3

Absolute: 51.1

Complete: 75.6

-

Junqueira et al. (2013)/[22]

Brazil

Single-rooted Teeth

18/9

Voxel Size 0.125: 100

Voxel Size 0.25: 78

Voxel Size 0.125: 89

Voxel Size 0.25: 89

Voxel Size 0.125: 99

Voxel Size 0.25: 79

Moudi et al. (2014)/[30]

Iran

Mandibular Premolars and Molars

96/16

94

100

-

Varshosaz et al. (2010)/[31]

Iran

Incisors, Canines and Premolars

100/50

-

-

91

Hassan et al. (2009)/[32]

Netherlands

Premolars and Molars

80/20

78.8

87.5

86

Byakova et al. (2019)/[33]

Russia

In-vivo

Teeth with Suspected VRFs

88/65

84

77

81

Chavda et al. (2014)/[34]

UK

Unsalvageable Teeth

21/21

33

81

-

Patel et al. (2013)/[35]

UK

Ex-vivo

Mandibular Premolars and Molars

28/28

Incomplete VRF: 53.3

Complete VRF: 68.8

Incomplete VRF: 36.7

Complete VRF: 36.7

Incomplete VRF: 40.6

Complete VRF: 52

Oliveira et al. (2021)/[36]

Brazil

Human Premolars

45/15

77

67

72

Edlund et al. (2011)/[37]

USA

Clinical Study

Patients with suspected VRFs

32/32

88

75

84

Wanderley et al. (2021)/[38]

Brazil

Cross-sectional

CBCT Images

30/15

53.1

80.5

67.7