Table 1 Participants' demographic data

Age (years), mean ± SD

45.3 ± 14.2

45.7 ± 12.7

51.8 ± 13.6

Age (years), n (%)

 < 40

221 (37.1)

20 (30.3)

100 (20.3)

 40–60

295 (49.5)

39 (59.1)

258 (52.3)

 ≥ 60

80 (13.4)

7 (10.6)

135 (27.4)

Gender, n (%)

 Male

210 (35.2)

43 (65.2)

323 (65.5)

 Female

386 (64.8)

23 (34.8)

169 (34.3)

OD/OS, n (%)

 OD^a

301 (50.5)

35 (53.0)

241 (48.9)

 OS^b

295 (49.5)

31 (47.0)

252 (51.1)

Visual acuity (logMAR), mean ± SD

0.9 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.3

Axial length (mm), mean ± SD

25.19 ± 1.78

25.93 ± 1.84

25.67 ± 2.23

Axial length (mm), n (%)

 < 24

163 (27.3)

13 (19.7)

126 (25.6)

 24–25.9

231 (38.8)

15 (22.7)

148 (30.0)

 ≥ 26

199 (33.4)

38 (57.6)

218 (44.2)

IOP^c (mmHg), mean ± SD

14.7 ± 3.4

15.0 ± 3.9

14.4 ± 3.8

CCT^d (μm), mean ± SD

543.6 ± 35.6

531.8 ± 43.4

534.9 ± 35.9

Visual field: mean defect (dB), mean ± SD

− 1.2 ± 1.8

− 1.8 ± 4.5

− 10.7 ± 9.6

Macular VD^e (%), mean ± SD

 Superior

50.1 ± 4.9

46.6 ± 6.5

42.2 ± 7.6

 Center

18.5 ± 6.4

18.1 ± 6.1

15.7 ± 6.8

 Inferior

49.5 ± 5.2

46.0 ± 5.9

39.5 ± 8.2

Disc VD (%), mean ± SD

 Superior

51.6 ± 4.9

47.4 ± 5.8

37.1 ± 11.0

 Inferior

52.5 ± 5.3

47.6 ± 5.0

34.6 ± 10.5

RNFL^f thickness (μm), mean ± SD

 Superior

100.2 ± 9.9

86.8 ± 10.4

74.5 ± 15.5

 Inferior

96.2 ± 9.2

82.0 ± 10.7

67.7 ± 14.6

Ganglion cell complex thickness (μm), mean ± SD

 Superior

95.5 ± 5.9

86.0 ± 7.8

75.4 ± 12.7

 Inferior

95.0 ± 6.2

81.5 ± 8.0

69.2 ± 12.5

Cup/Disk Vertical Ratio (%), mean ± SD

52.0 ± 19.6

69.5 ± 16.0

83.1 ± 14.0

Rim Area (0.01 mm²), mean ± SD

130.2 ± 38.2

100.1 ± 50.2

66.8 ± 35.6

Disc Area (0.01 mm²), mean ± SD

206.0 ± 49.8

213.9 ± 49.8

214.5 ± 62.0

SBP^g (mmHg), mean ± SD

124.1 ± 18.5

128.5 ± 16.0

128.2 ± 17.9

DBP^h (mmHg), mean ± SD

73.4 ± 12.5

78.2 ± 12.3

76.1 ± 12.0

MAPⁱ (mmHg), mean ± SD

90.3 ± 13.5

95.0 ± 12.6

93.5 ± 12.8

HR^j (/min), mean ± SD

79.1 ± 12.4

75.1 ± 10.5

75.1 ± 12.4