Table 1 Published studies describing the imaging features of extranodal lymphoma of muscle (listed chronologically)
From: Imaging features of skeletal muscle lymphoma: a case report and literature review
Literature | General information | US | MRI | CT | PET/CT (N) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author/year | (Sex, N)/age | Number of affected muscles (N) | Boundary (N) | Echogenicity (N) | Vascularity (N) | Boundary (N) | T1W (N) | T1W + Gd (N) | T2W (N) | STIR (N) | Boundary (N) | Plain (N) | Contrast (N) | |
Metzler et al. [23] | F/65 | Multiple | – | – | – | N/A | Hypointense | No enhancement | Hypointense | Hyperintense | – | – | – | – |
Eustace et al. [34] | (F, 2)/(67,68) | Single | – | – | – | Well-defined (1), N/A (1) | Isointense | Diffuse enhancement (1), N/A (1) | Hyperintense | Hyperintense (1), N/A (1) | – | – | – | – |
Panicek et al. [30] | (M, 2)/(68,77) | Multiple (1), single (1) | – | – | – | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Isodense to hypodense | Moderate enhancement | – |
Beggs [11] | (M, 4; F, 2)/(31–76) | Multiple (5), single (1) | Ill- (3), well- (2) defined, N/A (1) | Hypoechoic (4), fibroadipose septa and swollen muscle bundles (1), patchy distal acoustic enhancement (1), N/A (1) | N/A | Ill- (3), well- (2) defined, N/A(1) | Minimally hyperintense (3), isointense (1), N/A (2) | Heterogeneous (1), diffuse (1), patchy (1) enhancement, N/A (3) | Hyperintense (4), N/A (2) | Hyperintense (2), N/A (4) | Ill- (1), well- (1) defined, N/A(4) | Isodense | Isodense (1), N/A (5) | – |
Lee et al. [5] | (M, 2; F, 3)/(15–80) | Multiple (2), single (3) | – | – | – | N/A | Isointense | N/A | Hyperintense | N/A | N/A | Isodense to hypodense (2), N/A (3) | N/A | Increased uptake (2), N/A (3) |
Suresh et al. [15] | (M, 14; F, 10)/(15–80) | Multiple (12), single (12) | – | – | – | Ill- (16) or well- (8) defined | Hyperintense (15), isointense (8), N/A (1) | Homogeneous or heterogeneous enhancement | Hyperintense (1), isointense (21), N/A (2) | Hyperintense (16), N/A (8) | – | – | – | – |
Laffosse et al. [14] | F/66 | Single | N/A | Hypoechoic | N/A | N/A | Isointense | Enhancement | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Wu et al. [35] | M/14 | Multiple | N/A | Hypoechoic | N/A | N/A | N/A | Enhancement | Markedly hyperintense | N/A | Ill-defined | N/A | N/A | – |
Driss et al. [20] | M/8 | Multiple | – | – | – | N/A | Hypointense | N/A | Hyperintense | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | – |
Broski et al. [36] | M/65 | Multiple | – | – | – | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | Increased uptake |
Chun et al. [22] | (M, 14; F, 6)/(5–90) | Multiple (14), single (6) | – | – | – | N/A | Intermediate (11), hyperintense (9) | Diffuse (13), peripheral band (4), marginal septal (2), enhancement, N/A (1) | Isointense | Hyperintense (5), isointense (8), N/A (7) | – | – | – | – |
Gaiser et al. [37] | M/10 | Single | – | – | – | Ill-defined | N/A | Vivid enhancement | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Muralee Mohan et al. [26] | M/55 | Single | Ill-defined | Hypoechoic, muscle like texture | Minimal | N/A | Isointense | N/A | Heterogeneously hyperintense | Hyperintense | Well-defined | Isodense | Homogeneous enhancement | – |
Carroll et al. [18] | (M, 2; F, 5)/(56–68) | Multiple (2), single (5) | – | – | – | Ill- (3) or well- (4) defined | Iso- to slightly hyperintense | Homogeneous enhancement | Homogeneously or heterogeneously hyperintense | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Hongsakul et al. [38] | F/45 | Multiple | Ill-defined | Hypoechoic, fibroadipose septa and swollen muscle bundles | N/A | N/A | Slightly hyperintense | Inhomogeneous enhancement | Slightly hyperintense | N/A | N/A | Enlargement | Enhancement | – |
Surov [3] | (M, 4; F, 6)/(45–75) | Multiple (1), single (9) | – | – | – | N/A | Homogeneously hypointense | N/A | Hyperintense | Hyperintense | – | – | – | – |
Katsura et al. [33] | F/52 | Multiple | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | N/A | N/A | Non-uniformly early enhancing, central necrosis | Increased uptake |
Zhang et al. [39] | F/76 | Multiple | N/A | Hypoechoic | N/A | N/A | N/A | Enhancement | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Hatem et al. [32] | M/70 | Single | Ill-defined | Hypoechoic | N/A | Ill-defined | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | Increased uptake |
Elkourashy et al. [40] | M/40 | Multiple | – | – | – | N/A | Abnormal | Heterogeneous enhancement | N/A | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Burton et al. [41] | M/17 | Multiple | – | – | – | N/A | Isointense | Diffuse enhancement | Diffusely mildly hyperintense | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Spetsieris et al. [29] | F/70 | Multiple | N/A | Hypoechoic | Increased | N/A | Hypointense | Enhancement | Hyperintense | N/A | N/A | Isodense | N/A | – |
Martins et al. [42] | M/76 | Multiple | – | – | – | Well-defined | Isointense | Peripheral enhancement | Hyperintense | Hyperintense | – | – | – | Increased uptake |
Binici et al. [43] | F/41 | Multiple | – | – | – | Ill-defined | Isointense | N/A | Hyperintense | N/A | – | – | – | – |
Present case/2019 | M/70 | Multiple | Ill-defined | Hypoechoic, muscle fibers | Increased | Ill-defined | Minimally hyperintense | N/A | Hyperintense | N/A | Ill-defined | Hypodense | mild-moderate enhancement | Increased uptake |