Left atrial minimal volume: association with diastolic dysfunction and heart failure in patients in sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation with preserved ejection fraction

Table 2 2D Doppler echocardiographic characteristics

	Control, n = 67	ND, n = 32	DD, n = 35	AF, n = 42	p value
Heart rate (BPM)	65 ± 10	70 ± 15	67 ± 12	78 ± 22*^,†	< 0.001
LVEDD (mm)	47 ± 4	50 ± 3	50 ± 3	50 ± 5	NS
LV mass index (g/m²)	70 ± 11	94 ± 19*	112 ± 23^,*	106 ± 27*	< 0.001
Ejection fraction, bi-plane (%)	66 ± 5	64 ± 4	64 ± 4*	61 ± 9	NS
Flow parameters
Mitral E (cm/s)	75 ± 19	68 ± 13	84 ± 22**	–	0.01
Mitral E/A	1.2 ± 0.4	1 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.6	–	0.01
Mitral E/E’	8 ± 3	8 ± 2	12 ± 3^,*	–	0.004
Pulmonary pressure (mmHg)	26 ± 4	29 ± 5	36 ± 12^,*	43 ± 12^,*^,†	< 0.001

ND Normal diastolic function; DD diastolic dysfunction; AF atrial fibrillation; * significant difference with the control group; ** significant difference with the Sinus ND group; † significant difference with the Sinus DD group; LVEDD, LV end diastolic diameter

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