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Table 1 Levels of evidencea

From: Automated detection of nonmelanoma skin cancer using digital images: a systematic review

Level of evidence

Definition

1

Independent, blinded comparison of the classifier with a biopsy-proven standard among a large number of consecutive lesions suspected of being the target condition

2

Independent, blinded comparison of the classifier with a biopsy-proven standard among a small number of consecutive lesions suspected of being the target condition

3

Independent, blinded comparison of the classifier with a biopsy-proven standard among non-consecutive lesions suspected of being the target condition

4

Non-independent comparison of the classifier with a biopsy-proven standard among obvious examples of the target condition plus benign lesions

5

Non-independent comparison of the classifier with a standard of uncertain validity

  1. aModified from Simel and Rennie [12]