Fig. 2

Comparative alignment of complete neurosonograms comprising nine diagnostic planes of normal (a) and abnormal CNS anatomy (b–e). Panel b demonstrates a cystic lesion located in the midline. The information gained from different cutting sections shows a slight enlargement of the 3rd ventricle (and reduced interthalamic adhesion diameter) but normal appearance of the aqueduct seen in the midsagittal and transventricular and transcerebellar planes. The lesion is more caudally located, expanding symmetrically toward the median border of the lateral ventricles, both of which are slightly enlarged, suggesting a functional obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage via the left and right foramen of Monro. Panels c-e depict varying degrees of ventricular enlargement caused by different underlying causes. Agenesis of corpus callosum with colpocephaly (panel c), note the absent cavum septi pellucidi seen in transthalamic and anterior coronal planes; the patent aqueduct in the midsagittal and axial planes as well as the steer horn/bull’s head appearance of the anterior horns displayed in the transcaudate cutting section. Panel d shows features of occlusive hydrocephaly clearly emphasized in nearly all diagnostic planes and most likely caused by aqueductal stenosis (dilated 3rd ventricle and nonvisualization of the sonolucent aqueduct in midsagittal and axial planes). Panel e illustrates abnormal intracerebral findings attributed to a Chiari II malformation as a sequela from spina bifida aperta (descent of the tonsils and abnormal bowing of cerebellum in midsagittal and transcerebellar planes). There was also a marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles seen in all planes