Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

Age (years)

60.8 ± 8.4

61.1 ± 8.1

63.1 ± 7.7

63.2 ± 7.5

Height (cm)

166 ± 6

166 ± 6

153 ± 5

154 ± 6

Weight (kg)

63.2 ± 8.3

68.2 ± 9.8*

52.4 ± 7.9

57.0 ± 8.5*

BMI (kg/m²)

23.0 ± 2.4

24.6 ± 2.9*

22.3 ± 3.0

24.0 ± 3.0*

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

87.2 ± 33.0

91.9 ± 19.2

88.3 ± 32.9

101 ± 24.8*

HbA1c (%)

8.81 ± 2.31

6.08 ± 1.07*

8.86 ± 2.39

6.02 ± 0.84*

FPG (mmol/L)

7.20 ± 2.82

5.77 ± 2.77*

7.48 ± 2.94

5.44 ± 1.39*

25(OH)D (ng/mL)

44.0 ± 17.1

47.6 ± 17.8*

40.1 ± 17.0

42.0 ± 14.6

Sulfonylurea n (%)

72 (22.0)

–

62 (25.9)

–

Metformin n (%)

115 (35.1)

–

88 (36.8)

–

Insulin n (%)

163 (49.7)

–

130 (54.4)

–

VF in the radiography report review n (%)

103 (31.4)

71 (20.9)*

86 (36.0)

62 (25.5)*

VF in the radiography report (n)

1

0

1

2

VF in the discharge report (n)

0

0

0

0