Fig. 2

Feature selection using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) binary logistic regression model. A The parameter (λ) in the LASSO model used tenfold cross-validation based on minimum criteria. The mean squared error was plotted versus log(λ). Dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values by using the minimum criteria and the 1 standard error of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria). B The plot of LASSO coefficient profiles was produced against the log (λ) sequence. The dotted vertical line was drawn at the optimal values by using the minimum criteria and the 1 standard error of the minimum criteria (the 1-SE criteria), and the latter was chosen with the λ value of 0.0376 and log (λ) of − 3.280 according to the tenfold cross-validation that resulted in 11 nonzero coefficients