Table 1 Parameter estimation results of the three methods

NLLS

 HCCs

0.528 ± 0.241

0.535 ± 0.200

0.060 ± 0.054

0.061 ± 0.014

48.8 ± 32.8

 Liver tissue

0.362 ± 0.197

0.657 ± 0.195

0.074 ± 0.051

0.018 ± 0.025

10.9 ± 15.7

 P

0.019

0.066

0.411

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

GSA

 HCCs

0.679 ± 0.206

0.754 ± 0.183

0.189 ± 0.035

0.111 ± 0.046

56.5 ± 13.8

 Liver tissue

0.545 ± 0.073

0.772 ± 0.045

0.161 ± 0.036

0.042 ± 0.034

21.8 ± 7.3

  P

0.008

0.675

0.019

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

DCGSA

 HCCs

0.651 ± 0.013

0.592 ± 0.012

0.137 ± 0.024

0.064 ± 0.003

66.7 ± 18.3

 Liver tissue

0.628 ± 0.015

0.620 ± 0.013

0.075 ± 0.024

0.090 ± 0.009

31.0 ± 9.2

 P

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001