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Table 1 Brief review of multi-modal data fusion methods from the literature and methodologies that have been used

From: Dimensionality reduction-based fusion approaches for imaging and non-imaging biomedical data: concepts, workflow, and use-cases

Reference

Data

Method

Moutselos et al. [65]

Skin images

Combining features into a confusion matrix

 

Gene expression

 

Golugula et al. [6]

Histopathology

Correlating features via CCA, combining CCA-based confusion matrices

 

Proteomics

 

Dai et al. [20]

sMRI

Construct classifiers from features, weighted combination of classifier decisions

 

fMRI

 

Gode et al. [66]

mRNA

Compute LDR/classifier decisions, unweighted combination of LDR- or classifier-based confusion matrices

 

miRNA

 

Raza et al. [22]

Gene-expression

Compute classifier decisions, unweighted combination of classifier decisions

 

FNAC

 

Sui et al. [67]

DTI

Correlate features via CCA, unweighted combination of CCA-based confusion matrices

 

fMRI

 

Wolz et al. [7]

T1-w MRI

Compute LDR, weighted combination of LDR-based confusion matrices

 

ApoE genotype, A β 1−42

 

Wang et al. [62]

T1-w MRI, FDG-PET

Feature selection, weighted concatenation of selected features

 

Gene-expression

 

Lanckriet et al. [9]

Protein expression

Compute kernel representations, weighted combination of kernels

 

Gene-expression

 

Yu et al. [68]

Text ontologies

Compute kernel representations, fuse kernel-based confusion matrices

 

Gene-expression

 

Higgs et al. [54]

CT

Compute LDR, fuse LDR maintaining manifold structure

 

Gene-expression

 

Lee et al. [4]

Gene-expression

Compute LDR, unweighted concatenation of LDR

 

Histopathology

 

Viswanath et al. [5]

T2-w

Compute LDR, combine LDR-based confusion matrices using label information

 

ADC, DCE

 

Tiwari et al [8]

T2-w MRI

Compute kernel representations, weighted LDR-based combination of kernels using label information

 

MRS

 
  1. CCA Canonical Correlation Analysis, LDR Low-Dimensional Representation. See Description of methods utilized for multi-modal data fusion section for more details