Table 4 Results from focus cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) examinations as performed by internal medicine residents with minimal training. Validated by a Standard Echocardiogram (SE)
From: Focused cardiac ultrasound by unselected residents—the challenges
FoCUS & SE Nregistrations | FoCUS Nabnormal | SE Nabnormal | Sens (95% CI) % | Spes (95% CI) % | PPV (95% CI) % | NPV (95% CI) % | k | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LV EF (<40%) | 60 | 29 | 24 | 92 (72–99) | 81 (63–91) | 76 (56–89) | 94 (77–99) | 0,70 |
LV dilated | 56 | 13 | 13 | 85 (54–97) | 100 (89–100) | 100 (68–100) | 96 (84–99) | 0.75 |
LV WMA | 59 | 23 | 21 | 70 (46–87) | 78 (60–88) | 61 (39–80) | 83 (67–93) | 0.44 |
Pericardial effusion | 57 | 11 | 3 | 100 (31–100) | 85 (72–93) | 27 (7–61) | 100 (90–100) | 0.30 |
Aortic regurgitation | 43 | 7 | 10 | 40 (14–73) | 91 (74–98) | 57 (20–88) | 83 (67–93) | 0.35 |
Mitral regurgitationa | 52 | 7 | 9 | 56 (23–85) | 95 (83–99) | 71 (30–95) | 91 (77–97) | 0.56 |
RV FAC (<30%) | 45 | 6 | 8 | 50 (14–86) | 97 (84–99) | 75 (22–99) | 92 (78–98) | 0.66 |
RV dilated | 52 | 10 | 6 | 67 (24–94) | 87 (73–95) | 40 (14–73) | 95 (83–99) | 0.42 |
RV WMA | 44 | 2 | 2 | 50 (2–97) | 98 (86–100) | 50 (2–97) | 98 (86–100) | 0.48 |
Aortic dilation | 37 | 0 | 2 | 0 (0–12) | 100 (88–100) | n.a. | 95 (81–99) | 0.0 |
LA dilated | 47 | 18 | 24 | 71 (49–87) | 96 (76–100) | 94 (71–100) | 76 (56–89) | 0.66 |